Question 1

What is learning in psychology?

Accepted Answer

A permanent change in behavior, based on an experience

Question 2

What is classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Learning through association

Pairing a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that causes a response, so that the neutral stimuli causes the same response

(If you ring a bell before feeding your dog, the dog will come to associate the bell with food, and may salivate only at the ring of the bell)

Question 3

How can classical conditioning apply to schools?

Accepted Answer

If a student associates school with negative experience, they will not want to come to school

Question 4

What is social/observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A form of learning that occurs by watching others

(if you watch someone slam the door when they are angry, you are more likely to repeat this behavior when you are angry)

Question 5

What is operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A method of learning that increases/decreases a behavior through rewards and punishment

(giving your dog a treat when it rolls over so that it is more likely to roll over)

Question 6

What is an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Some stimulus that automatically triggers a response

(a dog salivating when it is near food)

Question 7

What is an unconditioned response in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The automatic response to some stimulus

(smell of food=unconditioned stimulus; hunger=unconditioned response)

Question 8

What is a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A stimulus that does not produce a response

(an untrained dog doesn't care if you ring a bell)

Question 9

What is a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A formerly neutral stimulus that now produces a response

(if a dog learns to associate a bell with getting food and the bell now causes the dog to salivate)

Question 10

What is a conditioned response in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A learned response produced by a conditioned stimulus

(a dog salivating when it hears a bell: salivating=conditioned response; bell=conditioned stimulus)

Question 11

What is acquisition?

Accepted Answer

When a behavior has been learned through classical conditioning

(in Pavlov's dog experiment, the period of time when the dogs salivated at the ring of a bell is acquisition)

Question 12

What is higher-order conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A form of classical conditioning where a previously conditioned stimulus is used to further learning

(if a bell causes a dog to salivate, you can then pair the bell with a light, so the light will cause the dog to salivate)

Question 13

What is expectancy?

Accepted Answer

Anticipating future events based on past experience

Question 14

What is stimulus generalization?

Accepted Answer

The tendency to respond to a similar stimulus

(if flashing a green light causes a dog to salivate, it may have a similar response to a blue light)

Question 15

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

When a learned response to a stimulus ends

(usually caused by the conditioning process being stopped)

Question 16

What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A learned response reappearing after seemingly going extinct

Question 17

What is cognitive learning?

Accepted Answer

High-level learning that involves thinking

(learning to solve new types of math problems)

Question 18

What is a cognitive map?

Accepted Answer

A mental representation of an environment

Question 19

What is latent learning?

Accepted Answer

Learning that occurs without reinforcement, and often goes undetected

Question 20

What is the Bobo doll experiment?

Accepted Answer

A study where children learned to be aggressive by watching others

(conducted by Albert Bandura)

Question 21

What is self-efficacy?

Accepted Answer

How much a person believes that they can do well

Question 22

What is insight learning?

Accepted Answer

A type of learning that occurs without trial and error

Question 23

What is the Little Albert Experiment?

Accepted Answer

An experiment where a young child learned to fear rats

(performed by John Watson)

Question 24

What is taste aversion?

Accepted Answer

An active dislike for a certain food, developed through conditioning

Question 25

What is learned helplessness?

Accepted Answer

Learned inability to overcome obstacles

Question 26

What is systematic desensitization?

Accepted Answer

A behavior modification that attempts to treat phobias

(repeatedly exposes the individual to the feared stimulus)

Question 27

What is aversion therapy?

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification that works attempts to remove an undesired behavior

Pairs that behavior with an unpleasant stimulus

Question 28

What is coping?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral and cognitive strategies to manage stress

Learning, AP Psychology Flashcards