Question 1

What is cartography?

Accepted Answer

The study of map-making

Question 2

What caused a desire in many Europeans to travel?

Accepted Answer

Many people could not find opportunities in Europe and wanted to look for adventure

Question 3

What was the Omani-European rivalry?

Accepted Answer

A trade rivalry between Europeans and Middle Easterners

Made it harder for Europeans to trade with Asia

(the Middle Easterners were based in kingdoms such as Oman)

Question 4

What effect did the Omani-European rivalry have on Christopher Colombus?

Accepted Answer

The rivalry made it hard to trade with India through the Middle East, so Colombus looked for a new pathway to India

Question 5

What are maritime empires?

Accepted Answer

An empire with pieces of land that are separated by huge amounts of Ocean

(maritime=relating to the ocean)

Question 6

What is an astronomical chart?

Accepted Answer

A map of the stars and galaxies

(used by sailors to navigate)

Question 7

What are the Carrack, Caravel, and Fluyt?

Accepted Answer

Three important types of ships that made transatlantic trade more efficient

Question 8

Who was Christopher Colombus?

Accepted Answer

An Italian explorer who opened the way for European exploration to the Americas

Question 9

What was mercantilism?

Accepted Answer

An economic policy aimed to benefit the mother country, often at the expense of her colony

(often buys cheap materials from the colonies, manufactures them into high-quality goods, and sells those goods back to the colonies)

Question 10

Why was Portugal more involved in Asia than other European countries, during the transatlantic trade?

Accepted Answer

Portugal had superior ships and weapons, allowing them to control lots of Indian and Chinese trade

Question 11

What is a trading post empire?

Accepted Answer

An empire that has a large number of small outposts for trade

(these empires usually don't have much land)

Question 12

How did the Portuguese protect their maritime empire?

Accepted Answer

They built a series of forts that aimed to establish a monopoly on the spice trade

(this made them a trading post empire)

Question 13

Why did the Portuguese maritime empire collapse?

Accepted Answer

Portugal is a small nation, so it had few workers and ships

(government also started to corrupt)

Question 14

What were galleons?

Accepted Answer

Heavily armed Spanish trading ships that sailed around the globe

Question 15

What was the role of silver in the 16th and 17th centuries?

Accepted Answer

Silver became the biggest currency in the economy

(Chinese government used it as a currency; Europeans traded it for luxury goods)

Question 16

What was the northwest passage?

Accepted Answer

A historical passage through North Canada that would allow sailors to get to Asia

Question 17

How was Quebec founded?

Accepted Answer

The French were looking for gold, but instead found a place rich in furs and other natural recources

Question 18

What was New France?

Accepted Answer

A North American colony created by France

Question 19

What was Jamestown?

Accepted Answer

One of the first English settlements in the Americas

Question 20

What was New Amsterdam?

Accepted Answer

A Dutch colony in the Americas, on what is now NYC

Question 21

Who was Henry the Navigator?

Accepted Answer

First European Monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions

Question 22

Who was Bartholomew Diaz?

Accepted Answer

A sailor who went around the southern tip of Africa

Question 23

Who was Vasco Da Gama?

Accepted Answer

A sailor who went further East than Diaz, reaching India

(also went around the South African tip)

Question 24

Who was Ferdinand Magellan?

Accepted Answer

The first explorer to circumnavigate the globe

Question 25

Who was Jacques Cartier?

Accepted Answer

French explorer that sailed across the Atlantic and claimed a part of Canada

(not called Canada at the time)

Question 26

Who was John Cabot?

Accepted Answer

An English explorer who was sent to search for the northwest passage

Question 27

Who was Henry Hudson?

Accepted Answer

Dutch explorer that sailed through the Hudson River in NY

Question 28

Where were most English voyages in the 16th and 17th centuries?

Accepted Answer

What would become the Eastern U.S.

Question 29

Where were most French voyages during the 16th and 17th centuries?

Accepted Answer

Northern America, to what would become Canada

Question 30

What was the Colombian Exchange?

Accepted Answer

The broad event that describes the mixing of the Old and New Worlds

Question 31

What were conquistadors?

Accepted Answer

Spanish soldiers that conquered land in the Americas

Question 32

What effect did disease have on Native Americans?

Accepted Answer

Native population dropped drastically due to disease, such as smallpox

Question 33

How did the horse affect Native American culture?

Accepted Answer

After being introduced by Europeans, Native Americans used horses to hunt buffalo much more effectively

(this gave the tribes a surplus of food, and allowed them to focus on other pursuits such as art)

Question 34

What effect did the potato have on Europe?

Accepted Answer

Huge population increase, due to better nutrition

Question 35

What role did sugarcane play in the Americas?

Accepted Answer

Sugarcane was highly profitable, so huge sugarcane plantations were created

(especially in Brazil)

Question 36

What was the transatlantic slave trade?

Accepted Answer

The network of African slaves being brought to the Americas for labor

Question 37

Why were African slaves in high demand in the Americas?

Accepted Answer

Diseases decimated Native populations, so Europeans looked to Africa for slaves to work on plantations

Question 38

What were engenhos?

Accepted Answer

Huge sugarcane plantations in the Americas

(engenhos is Portuguese for engines)

Question 39

What are cash crops?

Accepted Answer

Crops designed to be sold, rather than eaten

Question 40

What was the African Diaspora?

Accepted Answer

The mass movement of Africans out of Africa

(both voluntarily and involuntarily)

Question 41

What is a creole?

Accepted Answer

A language formed from two other languages

(in the Americas, creoles often formed from the mixture of West African and European languages)

Question 42

How did African culture diffuse into the Americas as a result of the transatlantic slave trade?

Accepted Answer

Enslaved Africans brought their culture with them, including languages, music styles, and foods

Question 43

What is indentured servitude?

Accepted Answer

A contract where a servant worked to pay off the fee to travel to the Americas

(not as bad as slavery, but close)

Question 44

What was chattel slavery?

Accepted Answer

A system where individuals were considered property that could be bought and sold

Question 45

What were the Asante Empire and the Kingdom of the Kongo?

Accepted Answer

Two African states that increased their power by trading in the Colombian Exchange

Question 46

What was Japan doing during the Colombian Exchange?

Accepted Answer

Limiting outside trade, expelling foreigners, and isolating themselves from most of the world

Question 47

What did China do after Zheng He's voyages?

Accepted Answer

Restricted trade, prohibited the building of large ships, and rebuilt the Great Wall

(all of these were in attempt to rebuild China's culture after lots of foreign influence)

Question 48

What was the East India Company?

Accepted Answer

An English Company founded to participate in the East Indian spice trade

Question 49

How did Britain start to take control of much of India?

Accepted Answer

While Muslims and Hindus fought each other in India, the British increased their power until they controlled lots of land

(previously, the Mughals were too powerful for the British, limiting their land)

Question 50

What was New Spain?

Accepted Answer

The colony formed in the Americas after Hernan Cortes overthrew the Aztecs

Question 51

What did the Spanish do the Aztec land?

Accepted Answer

Destroyed Tenochtitlan and built their own capital, Mexico City

(also melted the Aztecs' gold and sent it back home)

Question 52

Who were Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa?

Accepted Answer

Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador, captured the Incan ruler, Atahualpa, and promised to let him go if Atahualpa filled a room with gold

(Atahualpa complied, but Pizarro killed him anyways)

Question 53

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Accepted Answer

A treaty where Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between the two

Question 54

What was the 7-years'-war?

Accepted Answer

A global conflict between France and Britain, that also impacted the Spanish Empire

Britain ended up kicking France out of India, eventually making way for the East India Company to essentially take control of India

(France and Britain also had a conflict in North America called the French and Indian war)

Question 55

What is the encomienda system?

Accepted Answer

A labor system in the Americas where indigenous people paid tributes to a landowner for protection

(similar to the European manorial and feudal systems; often brutal and coercive)

Question 56

What was the hacienda system?

Accepted Answer

A labor system designed to keep workers in debt tied to one piece of land

(less brutal than encomienda, but still horrible; similar to the feudal system in Europe)

Question 57

What was the Middle Passage?

Accepted Answer

The name given to the journey across the Atlantic, performed by African Slaves

(it was the middle part of the captives' journey)

Question 58

What were the effects of the slave trade on Africa?

Accepted Answer

Continually decreasing population

Disrupted family organization (more men were taken than women)

Mixed culture, that created multiracial people

Question 59

What is capital, in economics?

Accepted Answer

Material wealth that enabled the economy

Question 60

What was the commercial revolution?

Accepted Answer

The creation of a European economy based on trade, leading to the Columbian Exchange

(started in the 11th century, with a European interest in Asian goods during the crusades; ended with the Industrial Revolution and the modern economy)

Question 61

What is the price revolution?

Accepted Answer

A period of high inflation and rise in prices

(occurred during the 16th and 17th centuries)

Question 62

What are joint-stock companies?

Accepted Answer

Companies owned by investors that bought shares

Question 63

What is limited liability?

Accepted Answer

The principle that an investor is not responsible for a company's debts

Question 64

What role did the Dutch play in commercial Europe?

Accepted Answer

The Dutch acted as the middlemen, having trade routes all across the globe

Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections, AP World History: Modern Flashcards