Question 1

Why was Russia behind other nations by the early 20th century?

Accepted Answer

Its government didn't promote economic growth and was slow to reform itself

(slow to expand education, build roads, become a democracy, support entrepreneurs with loans, ...)

Question 2

Who were the Bolsheviks?

Accepted Answer

A communist organization representing the Russian working class who seized power and set up a communist government with Lenin as leader

Question 3

Who was Sun Yat-sen?

Accepted Answer

Chinese statesman that served as the first president of the Republic of China after the Qing Dynasty collapsed

(Christian, but believed China should continue to follow Confucian values)

Question 4

Why did Sun Yat-sen lose power?

Accepted Answer

He never had the military strength to rule all of China, so he gave up his position to a military leader

(greatly influenced the Chinese Republic nevertheless)

Question 5

What was Turkification?

Accepted Answer

An effort by the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire to make all Ottoman citizens identify with Islamic Turkish culture

(difficult due to millions of Christian Armenians who were scapegoated for economic problems)

Question 6

Who were the Young Turks?

Accepted Answer

A group of reformers in the Ottoman Empire who advocated a European-like constitution

Question 7

Who was Mustafa Kemal?

Accepted Answer

The leader of the Turkish National Movement during WWI who fought for self-determination

(defeated the British in 1921; established the Republic of Turkey with him as president in 1923; later became known as Atatürk)

Question 8

Who was Atatürk?

Accepted Answer

The name given to Mustafa Kemal after he became president

Question 9

What did Atatürk do after coming to power?

Accepted Answer

Reformed the nation to make it more like Western democracies, although he still ruled as dictator for 15 years

(attempted to make Turkey more secular, established public education for boys and girls, abolished polygyny, and allowed women to vote)

Question 10

Who was Francisco Madero?

Accepted Answer

Political opponent of Mexican dictator Porfirio Díaz, who Díaz jailed

Later escaped and formed a revolution to send Díaz into exile

Question 11

What was the Mexican Revolution?

Accepted Answer

A major political revolution in Mexico that caused it to adopt a new constitution with Western-democracy values

(land distribution, universal suffrage, public education)

Question 12

Who was Francisco "Pancho" Villa?

Accepted Answer

Military leader during the Mexican Revolution who led Madero's troops to defeat Díaz and send him into exile

Question 13

Who was Emiliano Zapata?

Accepted Answer

A revolutionary leader during the Mexican Revolution that began redistributing land to peasants

Question 14

What was the Industrial Revolutionary Party (PRI)?

Accepted Answer

A dominant Mexican political party that was widely criticized as corrupt

(all Mexican presidents until 2000 were PRI members)

Question 15

Who was Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

Accepted Answer

Hier to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination by Serbian nationalists began World War I

Question 16

What was World War I (the Great War)?

Accepted Answer

An immense war between 1914 and 1918, larger than any war ever before

Question 17

How did WWI affect European colonies?

Accepted Answer

WWI weakened the European powers, encouraging nationalism and appeals for self-rule in colonies

Question 18

Who was Gavrilo Princip?

Accepted Answer

A Serbian nationalist and member of the Black Hand, who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Question 19

What was the Black Hand?

Accepted Answer

A Serbian nationalist organization dedicated to ending Austro-Hungarian presence in the Balkans

Question 20

What did Austria-Hungary do in response to the assassination of Ferdinand?

Accepted Answer

Demanded that Serbia end all anti-Austrian movements and other impossible demands, which it rejected, causing Austria-Hungary to declare war

Question 21

How did militarism affect WWI?

Accepted Answer

European powers had been competing for dominance and building up their militaries to prove their strength

Question 22

How did the Industrial Revolution affect WWI?

Accepted Answer

It became possible to mass-produce weapons and supplies

Question 23

How did alliances affect WWI?

Accepted Answer

European countries formed a series of secret alliances, where they would secretly agree to protect each other if they were attacked

(Russia had an alliance with Serbia; Germany had an alliance with Austria-Hungary)

Question 24

What was the Triple Entente?

Accepted Answer

A military alliance between France, Britain, and Russia that was a reason they got involved in WWI

(eventually became the Allies after more countries joined)

Question 25

Who were the Allies in WWI?

Accepted Answer

France, Britain, Russia, Italy, and Japan who fought against the Central Powers in WWI

Question 26

What was the Triple Alliance?

Accepted Answer

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy that influenced WWI

(Italy swapped sides and joined the Allies)

Question 27

Who were the Central Powers?

Accepted Answer

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria who fought against the Allies in WWI

Question 28

How did imperialism affect WWI?

Accepted Answer

Western European powers became bitter rivals during their competition for colonies

Once they took all the colonies they could, they started fighting

Question 29

What is self-determination?

Accepted Answer

The idea of people from similar backgrounds (ethnicity, language, culture, politics) should be united and have the right to form their own state

(Serbia wanting self-determination from Austria-Hungary and Arabs wanting self-determination from the Ottoman Empire helped cause WWI)

Question 30

How did nationalism affect WWI?

Accepted Answer

Many groups wanted to be independent, such as Serbia wanting to be independent from Austria-Hungary's control

Question 31

What is conscription?

Accepted Answer

Compulsory service for the state (usually in the military)

Question 32

How did public opinion of WWI shift during the course of the war?

Accepted Answer

Most Europeans initially saw warfare as a great activity, with 100,000s of teenage boys enthusiastically enlisting themselves

By the end of the war people became more aware of how horrific it was

Question 33

What is trench warfare?

Accepted Answer

A type of warfare popularized during WWI, where nations dug huge trenches that soldiers would live in as they fought their opponents

Question 34

What is poison gas?

Accepted Answer

A horrible type of weapon used during WWI where poisonous chemicals would be used to kill enemy soldiers

(caused long term lung damage and responsible for ~85% of WWI deaths; banned after WWI; chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas)

Question 35

How did the machine gun affect warfare in WWI?

Accepted Answer

So deadly that it made it hard for either side to gain territory

(invented in late 1800s)

Question 36

How did submarines affect WWI?

Accepted Answer

Used to destroy shipments of materials and supplies

(Germany used U-boats to stop supplies being sent to the allies, which had the unintentional side effect of bringing the US into the war)

Question 37

How did airplanes affect warfare in WWI?

Accepted Answer

Initially used for reconnaissance, but were eventually fitted with machine guns and would engage in "dog fights" with enemy aircraft

Question 38

How did tanks affect WWI?

Accepted Answer

British used them to be able to move over difficult land (including trenches) and fire at the enemy

(developed by the British Royal Navy)

Question 39

Why did WWI become a stalemate for a while?

Accepted Answer

Neither side could advance, since it was easier to defend than attack

The stalemate was broken when both sides switched up tactics and the US joined the fight

Question 40

What was the Lusitania?

Accepted Answer

A British ocean liner that Germany sunk during WWI, encouraging US involvement

Question 41

What was the Zimmerman Telegram?

Accepted Answer

A secret message sent from Germany to Mexico during WWI

Promised to help Mexico regain territory it lost to the US, if it allied with Germany

Question 42

What is total war?

Accepted Answer

A strategy where a nation commits all of its resources to fighting a war, used during WWI

(civilians would produce war materials and food was rationed)

Question 43

Why was the Zimmerman Telegram important?

Accepted Answer

The US intercepted it, which led to it finally deciding to join WWI

Question 44

What is propaganda?

Accepted Answer

Communication meant to influence public opinion by spreading slanted/innacurate information

Question 45

What was the biggest global war before WWI?

Accepted Answer

The Seven Years' War, where Britain and France struggled for global power

Question 46

What was ANZAC?

Accepted Answer

A special corps of Australian and New Zealander troops that fought in WWI at Gallipoli

Question 47

What was Gallipoli?

Accepted Answer

A peninsula in northwestern Turkey, where ANZAC troops fought

Resulted in lots of Allied deaths, with little results

Question 48

How were women affected by WWI?

Accepted Answer

Since the vast majority of soldiers were men, women began replacing men in farms and factories leading to a change in gender roles

Question 49

What was the Paris Peace Conference?

Accepted Answer

A meeting between the victorious allies at the end of WWI to set the peace terms for the Central Powers

Question 50

Who were the Big Four in WWI?

Accepted Answer

The leaders of the victorious Allied countries, who met at the Paris Peace Conference

Woodrow Willson (US), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

(became the Big Three after Italy left)

Question 51

How did Wilson and Clemenceau disagree on what should be done after WWI?

Accepted Answer

Wilson believed no one country should be severely punished/rewarded ("peace without victory")

Clemenceau rejected this and believed France had suffered the most so it deserved special protection from Germany

(David Lloyd George acted as an intermediary, but leaned with Clemenceau)

Question 52

What was the Fourteen Points?

Accepted Answer

A document Woodrow Wilson created after WWI, where he outlined his principles and pushed for creating a League of Nations

Question 53

What was the League of Nations?

Accepted Answer

An international group formed after WWI, where nations of the world could discuss conflicts openly

(the US Senate voted against joining it, despite Wilson pushing for it)

Question 54

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

Accepted Answer

The 1919 peace treaty with Germany, following WWI, that imposed harsh penalties in territory loss, reparations, and demilitarization

Question 55

What did Woodrow Wilson believe should happen to people conquered by the Central Powers?

Accepted Answer

They should have the right to self-determination and be able to decide their own political futures, instead of being snatched up by the Allies

(Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were broken up; Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia were formed)

Question 56

What was the Weimar Republic?

Accepted Answer

Germany's government from between the end of WWI to before the Nazis

Question 57

What did the Treaty of Versailles demand from Germany?

Accepted Answer

Billions of dollars in reparations, give up all its colonies, and restrict the size of its militaries

(led to tremendous hardship for Germany, caused to massive inflation, and caused resentment that would set the stage for the Nazis)

Question 58

Why did so many Germans resent the Weimar Republic?

Accepted Answer

It had agreed to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which led to a horrible situation for Germany

(set the stage for the Nazis to take power)

Question 59

Why did German money inflate drastically following WWI?

Accepted Answer

The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay billions in reparations, which Germany could not afford, causing its government to print more money

Question 60

What was the Great Depression?

Accepted Answer

A severe worldwide economic depression, that occurred mostly during the 1930s

Question 61

Who was John Maynard Keynes?

Accepted Answer

British economist who rejected laissez-faire and founded Keynesian economics, concluding that intentional government action could improve the economy

Question 62

What is defecit spending?

Accepted Answer

Part of Keynesian Economics that states governments should spend more than they take in to stimulate economic activity during a depression

(by cutting taxes and increasing spending, governments would spur economic growth)

Question 63

What was the New Deal?

Accepted Answer

A series of policies and programs created by FDR to lift the US out of the Great Depression

(goal was to bring: relief, recovery, and reform)

Question 64

How did the Great Depression end in the US?

Accepted Answer

A combination of the New Deal and entering WWII

Unit 7: Global Conflict, AP World History: Modern Flashcards