Question 1

What was the Bering Land Bridge?

Accepted Answer

The first people to inhabit North and South America came across the Bering Land Bridge. The Bering Land Bridge connected Eurasia and North America approximately 20,000 years ago in the area of the present-day Bering Sea between Siberia and Alaska. Nomadic Asian hunters came across the bridge looking for big game animals, such as woolly mammoths and saber-tooth tigers. The hunters settled throughout North and South America.

Question 2

Why did European settlers in the Americans turn from using Native Americans for labor to kidnapping Africans and making them slaves?

Accepted Answer

There were significant declines in the Native populations due to disease.

Question 3

How can one demonstrate contextualization?

Accepted Answer

Place events or documents within the broader context of time and place, understand how an event relates to what else was going on locally, regionally, nationally, or globally, and/or draw conclusions about an event or perspective based on its relation to the broader historical context

Question 4

What role did Maize Cultivation have in pre - Colombus Native American societies?

Accepted Answer

The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among indigenous societies. Through farming corn, beans, maize, and squash, tribes like the Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo built permanent settlements into the ledges of Mesa Verde.

Question 5

Nomadic Hunting and Gathering Tribes

Accepted Answer

Natives in the Great Plains and surrounding grasslands retained mobile, nomadic lifestyles. Based on the aridity, or dryness, of the conditions, the Great Plains was more suitable for hunting and gathering, with food sources consisting of rabbits, snakes, birds, nuts, and insects.

Question 6

For the Eskimo and Cree people, list: Geographical area, type of housing, food supply, and clothing and tools.

Accepted Answer

Geographical Area: Arctic and Subarctic

Type of Housing: Igloos

Food and supply: Hunting and fishing.

Clothing and tools: Waterproof clothing and blankets; Tools made from bone and teeth

Question 7

For the Tlingit, Chinook, Coos, & Chumash people, list: Geographical area, type of housing, food supply, and clothing and tools.

Accepted Answer

Geographical Area: Northwest Coast and California

Type of Housing: Wooden houses; often sheltering several related families

Food Supply: Whales and other sea mammals; salmon

Clothing and Tools: Animal skin clothing; spoons, masks, canoes, and totem polls

Question 8

For the Nez Perce people, list: Geographical area, type of housing, food supply, and clothing and tools.

Accepted Answer

Geographical area: Plateau

Type of housing: Bison-high teepees; rounded homes of wood

Food supply: Salmon (fish)

Clothing and tools: Deerskin clothing and robes of rabbit skin; Bows and arrows, spears, knives

Question 9

For the Shoshone people, list: Geographical area, type of housing, food supply, and clothing and tools.

Accepted Answer

Geographical area: Great Basin

Type of housing: Cone-shaped huts built with wooden poles, covered with dried grasses and brush

Food supply: Rabbits, snakes, birds, nuts, and insects

Clothing and tools: Women wore strips of bark, sandals, and fur; baskets

Question 10

For the Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo people, list: Geographical area, type of housing, and food supply.

Accepted Answer

Geographical area: Southwest

Type of housing: Built homes on the ledges of Mesa Verde

Food supply: Corn, beans, maize, and squash

Question 11

For the Iroquois and Mohawk people, list: Geographical area, type of housing, food supply, and clothing and tools.

Accepted Answer

Geographical area: Northeast (Eastern Woodlands)

Type of housing: Mound builders for burial

Food supply: Deer; corn, beans, squash, tobacco

Clothing and tools: Clothing not stated; used forests to make tools, homes, fuel, and food

Question 12

For the Iroquois and Cherokee and Seminole people, list: Geographical area, type of housing, food supply, and clothing and tools.

Accepted Answer

Geographical area: Southeast

Type of housing: Reed and bark huts.

Food supply: Tobacco, squash, melons, cabbage, peas, and corn

Clothing and tools: Clothing not stated; bows and arrows, blow guns, and traps

Question 13

For the Sioux and Cheyenne people, list: Geographical area, type of housing, food supply, and clothing and tools.

Accepted Answer

Geographical area: Great Plains

Type of housing: Teepees

Food supply: Bison; wild edible plants and roots

Clothing and tools: Bison fur; dogs were used to carry supplies.

Question 14

Which type of ship allowed Christopher Columbus to reach the United States because of their better maneuverability and capability for longer exploratory voyages?

Accepted Answer

The caravel

Question 15

Describe the circumstances of Columbus' first voyage to the Americas.

Accepted Answer

In August of 1492, Columbus used three caravels (la Niña, la Pinta, and Santa María), supplied and funded by the Spanish crown, to set sail toward India. After an arduous voyage, Columbus and his men reached land on October 12, 1492. At dawn, Columbus went ashore and encountered a group of people who called themselves the Taino. He renamed their island San Salvador and claimed it for Spain.

Question 16

Leif Ericson

Accepted Answer

1000 CE - From Norway, First explorer to come ashore in the New England Area

Question 17

Bartolomeu Dias

Accepted Answer

1487 - From Portugal, First to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa, setting up the route from Europe to Asia

Question 18

Christopher Columbus

Accepted Answer

1492 - From Spain, Landed in the Bahamas – eventually, this would lead to the discovery of the Americas

Question 19

John Cabot

Accepted Answer

1497 - England, Sailed to Chesapeake Bay; helped lay the groundwork for the later British claim to Canada

Question 20

Amerigo Vespucci

Accepted Answer

1499 - Spain, Explored the coast of South America; America was named after Amerigo

Question 21

Juan Ponce de Leon

Accepted Answer

1513 - Spain, Discovered Florida; died looking for the fountain of youth

Question 22

Ferdinand Magellan

Accepted Answer

1519 - Spain, Reached the southern part of South America while attempting to circumnavigate the globe

Question 23

Hernan Cortez

Accepted Answer

1519- Spain, Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico

Question 24

Francisco Pizarro

Accepted Answer

1531 - Spain, Conquered the Incas in Peru

Question 25

Jacques Cartier

Accepted Answer

1534 - France, Looked for the northwest passage; explored parts of Canada

Question 26

Francisco Vasquez Coronado

Accepted Answer

1540 - Spain, Explored and led a large expedition from Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States

Question 27

Samuel de Champlain

Accepted Answer

1603 - France, Explored and established the city of Quebec in the northern colony of New France

Question 28

Henry Hudson

Accepted Answer

1607 - England, Discovered the Hudson River and Hudson Bay

Question 29

Columbian Exchange

Accepted Answer

The Columbian Exchange was a period of rapid exchange of plants, animals, ideas, technology, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Question 30

Introduction of new crops during the Columbian Exchange

Accepted Answer

The Columbian Exchange introduced new crops to both the Old World and the New World, such as potatoes, maize, and tomatoes. These crops had a major impact on agriculture and the food systems of both regions.

Question 31

Introduction of new animals during the Colombian Exchange

Accepted Answer

The Columbian Exchange also introduced new animals to both regions, including horses, cattle, and pigs. These animals had a major impact on transportation, agriculture, and the environment.

Question 32

Spread of diseases during the Columbian Exchange

Accepted Answer

The Columbian Exchange also led to the spread of diseases between the Old World and the New World. Many diseases, such as smallpox and influenza, had a devastating impact on the indigenous populations of the Americas.

Question 33

Transatlantic slave trade

Accepted Answer

The system of buying, selling, and transporting African people to the Americas and other parts of the world as slaves

Question 34

Chattel slavery

Accepted Answer

The system in which slaves were considered the property of their owners and had no legal rights. They could be bought, sold, traded, or inherited, just like any other form of property.

Question 35

The Spanish conquistadors

Accepted Answer

A group interested in God, glory, and gold under Hernan Cortes

Question 36

Encomienda System in New Spain

Accepted Answer

the king of Spain gave grants of land and natives to individual Spaniards, known as encomenderos, in exchange for their loyalty to Spain. The Native Americans, termed encomendados, had to farm or work in the mines extracting precious metals and resources. Their fruits went to their Spanish masters, who in turn, had to “care” for them.

Question 37

Asiento system

Accepted Answer

The Spanish system of buying enslaved Africans for free labor. This system required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas.

Question 38

Caste system in New Spain.

Accepted Answer

The diversity of European, African, and Native American groups led the Spanish to develop a caste system to define the status of these populations under the Spanish empire based on race and ethnicity. This social hierarchy determined the social, economic, and political status of individuals in the colonies.

Question 39

Jamestown Colony relations with native Powhatans

Accepted Answer

In 1607, a group of English settlers arrived in Jamestown, Virginia as part of a joint-stock company called the Virginia Company. Like Columbus, these English settlers encountered many indigenous tribes, which made up what is commonly referred to as the Powhatan Nation. One of the main sources of tension between the Jamestown colony and Native Americans was the English desire to acquire land. The English colonists saw the land in the region as a valuable resource, and they were eager to expand their settlements and gain access to resources such as timber, tobacco, and fur. Native Americans, however, saw the land as a source of spiritual and cultural significance, and they resisted European efforts to take control of it. Despite these tensions, there were also instances of cooperation and trade between the Jamestown colony and Native American groups. For example, the English colonists learned how to grow corn and other crops from Native Americans, and they traded goods such as iron tools and firearms with Native American groups. These interactions helped to shape the cultural and social fabric of the region and laid the foundations for future relationships between Europeans and Native Americans in the Americas.

Question 40

Why did cooperative trade encounters between Native Americans and Settlers become less common over time?

Accepted Answer

English planters cleared the forests and fenced the fields, radically altering the ecological systems on which Indians depended. Natives discovered that the objects they desired from Europeans brought them into debt. To pay for these goods they hunted more aggressively and even further reduced the population of fur-bearing mammals. Natives grew dependent on trade for guns and ammunition and learned that wars would lead to a suspension of normal trade

Question 41

Religious Differences between Natives and Settlers

Accepted Answer

One of the most significant differences between European and Native American worldviews was in the area of religion. European settlers generally practiced Christianity, a monotheistic religion, while Native Americans had a wide variety of religious beliefs and practices. These differences in religion often led to misunderstandings and conflicts between the two groups.

Question 42

Differences in gender roles between natives and settlers

Accepted Answer

There were also significant differences between European and Native American views on gender roles and family. European societies were generally more hierarchical, with men holding a higher status than women, while Native American societies tended to be more egalitarian, with both men and women holding important roles in their communities.

Question 43

Differences in land use between natives and settlers

Accepted Answer

In terms of land use, Europeans and Native Americans had very different views on how land should be used and managed. Europeans generally believed in private property and saw land as a commodity that could be bought and sold, while Native Americans tended to view land as a source of spiritual and cultural significance and often had a more communal approach to its use.

Question 44

How did European settlers justify the subjugation of Natives and Africans?

Accepted Answer

In order to justify the subjugation of Native Americans and Africans, some European leaders developed religious, cultural, and racial justifications for their actions. For example, some European leaders argued that it was their religious duty to convert non-Europeans to Christianity, while others claimed that non-Europeans were inferior and needed to be civilized by Europeans. These justifications were often used to justify the exploitation of non-European labor and resources, as well as the conquest and colonization of non-European lands.

Question 45

European Diseases in native populations

Accepted Answer

Many Native American communities had not been exposed to the diseases that were common in Europe, and as a result, they had little or no immunity to these diseases. When Europeans arrived in the Americas, they brought with them diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, which spread rapidly through Native American communities. This led to significant population decline, as many Native Americans died from these diseases. The spread of European diseases also disrupted Native American societies and communities, as people were forced to flee or abandon their homes in order to escape the diseases.

Question 46

Spanish Policy Towards Natives

Accepted Answer

One European who dissented from the views of most Europeans toward Native Americans was a Spanish priest named Bartolome de Las Casas. He had owned land and slaves in the West Indies and had fought in wars against the Indians, but eventually became an advocate for better treatment of the Indians. In the long term, he persuaded the Spanish king to institute the New Law of 1542. These laws ended indigenous slavery, halted forced native labor, and began to end the encomienda system, a Spanish labor system used in Spain's colonies which included forced labor of non-Christian indigenous peoples. These laws were not well enforced.

Question 47

Causation

Accepted Answer

Causation involves understanding the cause-and-effect relationships that have occurred throughout history. This skill involves identifying short-term and long-term causes and of historical events as well as evaluating the significance of multiple causes of historical events. In order to establish cause-and-effect, it is important to understand the context of a situation.

Question 48

Strategies used by natives for settlement and advancement

Accepted Answer

The implementation of innovative strategies in agriculture, resource utilization, and social organization allowed them to create self-sufficient communities that were well adapted to their specific environments.

For example, many native societies developed sophisticated agricultural practices that allowed them to cultivate crops and produce food in even the harshest of environments. They also utilized the resources available to them in unique and sustainable ways, such as fishing, hunting, and gathering. The result was the formation of well-balanced ecosystems that provided for their communities and ensured their survival.

Additionally, the social structures of these societies also evolved to reflect their environment and the resources available to them. They developed complex systems of governance, trade, and cooperation that allowed them to work together to meet their needs and solve common problems.

Question 49

European Expansion into the Americas: Competition

Accepted Answer

The process of establishing colonies and trading posts in the New World created competition among European powers, which led to an intensification of rivalries between countries. The competition was not only limited to geographical expansion but also included the spread of religion, commerce, and ideas. This competition resulted in the emergence of new institutions, practices, and beliefs in Europe and also had far-reaching impacts on the indigenous populations of the Americas.

The pursuit of wealth, power, and influence in the New World necessitated new methods of governance and the development of new forms of economic activity, such as mercantilism, which involved the regulation of commerce for the benefit of the state. This in turn impacted the development of the modern nation-state system and the emergence of the capitalist economy.

Moreover, the religious competition between European powers, particularly between Catholics and Protestants, had a profound effect on the development of these religions in Europe. The colonization of the New World also led to the establishment of new religious orders and the spread of Christianity, which had significant impacts on the indigenous populations.

Question 50

The Columbian Exchange

Accepted Answer

The Columbian Exchange, the transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, was a major turning point in world history. It had a profound impact on the development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere, leading to significant demographic, economic, and social changes.

The arrival of new diseases, such as smallpox, had a devastating impact on the indigenous populations of the Americas. The Spanish Empire's exploitation of the New World's resources, including the forced labor of indigenous peoples, led to significant changes in the local economies and social structures. The influx of wealth from the New World allowed the Spanish Empire to become one of the dominant economic and military powers of the 16th and 17th centuries.

The Spanish Empire's control over large parts of the Western Hemisphere resulted in the creation of a complex network of trade and commerce, which connected the New World with Europe and Africa. This facilitated the transfer of goods, animals, plants, and people, leading to the emergence of new crops, such as maize, potatoes, and tomatoes, which had a profound impact on the diets and agriculture of Europe and the Americas.

Question 51

Cultural Differences

Accepted Answer

The interactions between Europeans and Native Americans in the Americas were marked by the assertion of vastly different worldviews. These divergent perspectives centered around key issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.

Religion was a major point of contention between Europeans and Native Americans. Europeans sought to convert the indigenous populations to Christianity, while Native Americans maintained their traditional spiritual beliefs and practices. This resulted in the suppression of Native American spirituality and the imposition of European religious norms and values.

The role of gender and the definition of family were also sources of tension between the two groups. Native American societies often had fluid gender roles and fluid familial structures, which were in stark contrast to the more rigid and hierarchical European gender roles and family structures.

Land use and ownership were also significant points of contention between Europeans and Native Americans. Europeans viewed land as a commodity to be owned and exploited, while Native Americans viewed land as a communal resource to be shared and protected. This resulted in the displacement of indigenous populations and the destruction of their traditional ways of life.

Finally, the issue of power was central to the interactions between Europeans and Native Americans. Europeans viewed the indigenous populations as inferior and sought to exert control over them, while Native Americans resisted European domination and sought to maintain their independence and sovereignty.

Question 52

Summarize the activity of the following countries in the Americas from 1607 to 1754: Spain, Great Britain, The Netherlands, and France.

Accepted Answer

Spain: the Spanish focused on the extraction of precious metals and other resources from Central and South America

France: the French focused on fur trading and the development of settlements along the Mississippi and St. Lawrence Rivers

Netherlands: The Dutch established trading posts in the northeastern regions of the continent

Great Britain: the British established colonies along the Atlantic coast, with a focus on the development of tobacco and other cash crops

Question 53

Competition for resources between European rivals and American Indians

Accepted Answer

Led to increased industry and trade, as well as conflicts over land and resources. This competition also had a major impact on the development of the colonies, as European nations sought to gain control of key resources and strategic locations. This competition and conflict would eventually lead to the Seven Years War which would significantly impact the balance of power in North America and pave the way for the British dominance on the continent.

Question 54

British Colonization

Accepted Answer

The commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges that took place between the colonies and Britain, as well as between the colonies themselves, led to a growing sense of interconnectedness among the colonists. This led to the development of a unique American identity over time, as well as a growing sense of dissatisfaction with British rule. Slavery was also a pivotal part of the colonial system in British North America, as it was in other European empires in the Americas. The use of enslaved Africans was crucial to the development of cash crops like tobacco and rice, which were the main economic drivers of the colonies.

Question 55

Spanish Colonization

Accepted Answer

The Spanish were driven by a desire for gold, God, and glory. They laid claim to lands in the southwestern and western parts of North America, including the conquest of Florida. Their expansion continued in Latin America, where they established the encomienda system of forced labor, which primarily targeted native peoples. Due to the lack of women among the Spanish colonizers, they intermarried with the local indigenous populations, resulting in a mixed-race population known as mestizos.

Question 56

Popé's Rebellion

Accepted Answer

The Spanish treatment of the native populations was often brutal, as seen in their interactions with the Pueblo people of the Southwest. In 1609, they established the colony of New Mexico in Santa Fe and set up Catholic missions, imposing Christianity on the Pueblo people. The Pueblo people would eventually resist this forced conversion and colonization in the form of Popé's Rebellion in 1680. They killed Spanish priests and hundreds of settlers, successfully driving the Spanish out for the next 50 years. However, the Spanish would eventually reclaim the colony, reasserting their control over the Pueblo people and the region.

Question 57

French Colonization

Accepted Answer

Under the rule of King Louis XIV, France had solidified its position as a major world power. In an effort to expand its empire, France established a permanent settlement in Quebec in 1608, as well as other parts of northeastern North America, which would become known as New France or Canada. The French explorer Samuel de Champlain played a key role in the colonization of New France, creating an alliance with the local Huron Indians and helping them defeat their Iroquois enemies. The French also aimed to control the strategically important Ohio River Valley, which would link their northern holdings in Canada with their southern holdings in the lower Mississippi Valley. However, this goal would bring them into conflict with the Iroquois, who had allied themselves with the British. The French and British would engage in numerous battles for control of the Ohio River Valley, as the French sought to maintain their grip on the region and the British sought to expand their own empire. These battles would have a significant impact on the outcome of the larger struggle between France and Britain for control of North America.

Question 58

What were joint stock companies?

Accepted Answer

During Elizabeth’s reign, the major obstacle to the colonization of the New World was raising money. No single person could underwrite the cost of an expedition. The solution was a joint-stock company, which was a business organization in which a group of people could invest without the fear of bankruptcy. A merchant or landowner could purchase a share of stock at a stated price, and in several years, the investor could anticipate recovering the initial amount plus a portion of whatever profits the company had made. Rather than one investor risking everything, many investors could split the risk, thereby increasing the number of new businesses.

Question 59

What were benefits of joint stock companies?

Accepted Answer

Access to capital rose and allowed businesses to finance expansion, development, and larger ventures through selling shares of stock to investors.

Limited liability for individual shareholders reduced investment risk, meaning that shareholders were only responsible for the amount of money they personally invested rather than potential debt or obligations to the company.

Shares of stock in a joint stock company could be bought and sold on the open market, making it easier for businesses to transfer ownership or raise capital.

Joint-stock companies could attract and retain talented employees by offering them a share of the company's profits through stock options or other forms of equity.

Question 60

Jamestown

Accepted Answer

Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the New World, was chartered in 1606 by King James I of England. The charter granted the Virginia Company of London, a joint-stock company, the right to establish a colony in present-day North Carolina to the Hudson and to govern the colony according to English law; they were also tasked with turning a profit and promoting Christianity. The charter granted the company the right to govern the colony, appoint officials, establish courts and laws, and regulate trade and commerce. The company was also given the right to import and export goods, collect taxes and duties, and administer justice in the colony.

Question 61

Misfortunes of Jamestown

Accepted Answer

Lack of planning and preparation: The Virginia Company of London did not provide the colonists with enough food, supplies, or skilled labor

Death and disease: Jamestown colonists suffered from starvation. The contaminated water around the settlement was dirty and salty, leading to poor farming and drinking water. Marshy conditions provided the perfect environment for mosquitoes, which infected colonists with diseases like malaria.

Hostile relations with Indigenous people: The colonists at Jamestown faced hostility and conflict with the Indigenous people of the region. The colonists often encroached on Indigenous lands, and they clashed with the Indigenous people over resources and territory.

Poor leadership and internal strife: The leadership of Jamestown was often ineffective and corrupt, and the colonists were divided and prone to infighting.

Question 62

John Smith

Accepted Answer

Virginia might have gone the way of Roanoke had it not been for John Smith. Smith quickly became a leader in Jamestown. He traded with the local natives for food, established a stronger system of government, motivated the early colonists, and mapped the Chesapeake Bay.

In 1608, he seized control of the ruling council and instituted military discipline. The colony became very successful as all members were expected to pull their weight in maintaining the settlement. However, after severe injury from a gunpowder explosion and John Smith's return to England, the colony again lacked capable authority. The winter of 1609-1610 was called the “starving time.” Some colonists were driven to cannibalism. In England, Smith heard that one colonist had killed his wife, salted her, and eaten part of her before being discovered and executed.

Question 63

The Powhatan in Jamestown

Accepted Answer

Colonists in Jamestown were living in an area controlled by the most powerful Native American confederation east of the Mississippi River: the Powhatan. The Powhatan confederacy was made up of over 30 tribes, and it was led by the powerful chief, Powhatan. Beyond skilled craftsmanship of baskets, pottery, and jewelry, they were known for their agricultural skills. The Powhatans cultivated a variety of crops, including corn, beans, and tobacco. Once tobacco was brought to Jamestown, courtesy of the Powhatans, the cash crop became a valuable export for the colonists to make money.

Question 64

Jamestown's Successes

Accepted Answer

Jamestown later established an elective representative assembly called the House of Burgesses to make the colony more attractive to wealthy speculators. Colonists who covered their own transportation cost to America were guaranteed a headright, a 50-acre lot for which they paid only a small annual rent. Adventurers were granted additional headrights for each servant they brought to the colony. A record number of people started to come to Jamestown. English colonization efforts attracted a variety of migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions.

AP United States History Flashcards