Question 1

What created problems for the British empire in terms of managing the 13 colonies?

Accepted Answer

By 1763, the British Empire was vast and contained colonies all over the world. This overextension of British territorial control created problems for Great Britain’s management of their colonies in North America, namely the 13 colonies

Question 2

How did the relationship between Britain and the colonies change at the end of the French and Indian war?

Accepted Answer

At the end of the Seven Years’ War, or the French and Indian War (1754-1763), the nature of the relationship between Britain and the colonies would change.

Britain would soon impose numerous laws on the colonies, particularly new taxes that the colonists would resent.  Various forms of colonial protests would soon follow that led to the colonies declaring independence from the mother country. The Revolutionary War began in 1775.

Question 3

What were two reasons the colonies were able to beat the British army?

Accepted Answer

The British military was the best in the world; however, the colonies were able to defeat Britain for several reasons and earn their newfound freedom.

First, the Brits were physically far and preoccupied with other challenges. Second, the Americans had superior defense tactics and influential leaders like George Washington.

Question 4

Identify the participants in the Seven Years War

Accepted Answer

Spain, France, and Great Britain

Question 5

Describe France and Britain's conflicts in New France prior to the French and Indian war

Accepted Answer

Generally, Britain would fight against either France, Spain, or both. Prior to the French and Indian War, Britain would fight the French over New France (Canada) and their French beaver trappers, who were expanding their travels into contested lands. France lost a lot of their territory in New France, but Native Americans especially suffered in these early conflicts.

Question 6

Describe the importance of the Ohio River Valley in the French and Indian war

Accepted Answer

By 1754, the Ohio Valley became a hotspot for conflict. The British saw this area as their gateway to western expansion, and the French viewed it as their vital link between their possessions in Canada and the Lower Mississippi Valley.

Question 7

Describe the battle at Fort Duquesne in Pittsburgh and which Native American groups were allied with the French and British, respectively.

Accepted Answer

Western Pennsylvania would become the sight of the first shots of the French and Indian War, a conflict pitting the British and their Iroquois Indian allies against the French and their Huron Indian allies. This was part of the larger worldwide war between the British and French known as the Seven Years' War. George Washington, a young Lt. Colonel from a wealthy Virginia family, was sent by the Governor of Virginia to an area near Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh) to lay claim to this land. Washington engaged French troops in a 10-hour battle and was defeated by French forces at nearby Fort Necessity in 1754.

Question 8

Describe the British's motive in the Albany Plan, describe the actual Albany Plan, and why it never passed.

Accepted Answer

In 1754, the British created a meeting for the colonies in Albany, New York. Their motive was to entice the Iroquois Indians to remain their allies and also to unify the disjointed 13 colonies against their French enemies. 
Ben Franklin, the “First American,” famed patriot, and future Founding Father, represented Pennsylvania as one of the seven colonies to attend. Note that yes, only seven of the thirteen colonies sent representatives to the Albany Congress.
Franklin’s Albany Plan attempted to establish a colonial government based on home rule. It called for three things:

A Grand Council would be formed with elected representatives from the different colonies to oversee matters of common defense, western expansion, and Indian affairs.

A President General would be established and appointed by the King who would preside. They would have the power to veto decisions made by the Grand Council.

The Council would be authorized to collect taxes for military expenditures.

The Albany Plan was seen as a radical proposal at the time, as it called for a level of colonial unity and self-governance that was unprecedented. It was ultimately rejected by the British government and the colonies, but it is considered an important early attempt to address the growing tensions between the colonies and the mother country and to find a way for the colonies to work together for their mutual benefit. The colonists felt it did not give them enough authority, while London argued it gave them too much.

Question 9

What was the battle of Fort Necessity

Accepted Answer

The Battle of Fort Necessity was the first major engagement of the war in which the British colonists, led by George Washington, were defeated by French and Native American forces. This was the first attempt to evict the French from the Ohio River Valley.

Question 10

Describe Braddock's Expeditions

Accepted Answer

General Edward Braddock was a British army officer who was sent to North America during the French and Indian War to expel the French from the Ohio River Valley. In 1755, he led a large expeditionary force that included British regulars, colonial militia, and native allies, with the goal of capturing the French fort at Fort Duquesne.

Braddock's expedition was a disaster from the start. The British and colonial troops were not used to fighting in the dense forests of North America and were unfamiliar with the guerrilla tactics used by the French and their native allies. The expedition was also beset by logistical problems, including a shortage of supplies and difficulties in getting the heavy artillery needed to besiege the fort across the rough terrain.

Despite these challenges, Braddock pressed on with his attack on Fort Duquesne. On July 9, 1755, his forces were ambushed by a French and native force led by Captain Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu. The British and colonial troops were caught off guard and suffered heavy losses, including the death of General Braddock himself. The survivors retreated in disarray, and the expedition was a complete failure.

The defeat at the Battle of the Monongahela, as it came to be known, was a major setback for the British in the French and Indian War. It also had significant consequences for the future of North America, as the failure of Braddock's expedition emboldened the French and their native allies, who went on to inflict further defeats on the British in the years that followed.

Note that this occurred in 1755, which was one year before the war was formally declared in 1756. Remember, Native American tribes continued to exploit both the British and French forces during this ongoing conflict.

Question 11

Compare the French and Indian war with the Seven Years War. What are the major differences?

Accepted Answer

None - They are the same war. They have two names that are often used interchangeably.

Question 12

Salutary neglect.

Accepted Answer

Salutary neglect describes the hands-off policy the British adopted towards the colonies prior to 1763. The British did not enforce parliamentary law or interfere in trade.

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This resulted in the colonists becoming more self-reliant and independent.

Question 13

What was the French and Indian War?

Accepted Answer

The war was fought by the British mainly for control of the colonial frontier.

The French and Indian War (1754-1763) was fought by the British against France and Indian tribes that were allied to the French. Victory in the war gave the English control of Canada and the entire Mississippi River valley, while limiting France to their small colony in present-day Haiti.

Question 14

What does George Washington have to do with the Seven Years War/French Indian War?

Accepted Answer

He fought in the war and gained his most important pre-revolutionary military experience during this conflict.

As a result of this, it made him the best-known soldier among the colonies.

Question 15

Complete the sentence:

The _______ ___ _______ resolved the French and Indian War in 1763.

Accepted Answer

Treaty of Paris (1763)

The Treaty gave control of North America up to the Mississippi River and the entirety of Canada to the British.

Question 16

What was Pontiac’s Rebellion?

Accepted Answer

Pontiac’s Rebellion was an attack by a group of allied Native American tribes against British outposts who were protecting settlers who were flooding the area west of the Appalachian mountains.

In response, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763, which banned colonization west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British did this to save on the military costs of having to protect settlers.

Question 17

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

Accepted Answer

In response to Pontiac’s Rebellion, the Proclamation of 1763 banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

The area from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River was set aside as reserved for the Native Americans.

Question 18

How did the Proclamation of 1763 mark a change in relations between Britain and the American colonies?

Accepted Answer

The Proclamation of 1763 marked the end of the period of salutary neglect, and marked the first time the British directly interfered with colonial affairs.

Further British interference would come in the form of taxation, as the British government sought to have the American colonies pay for some of the costs of the French and Indian War.

Question 19

Who was Lord George Grenville?

Accepted Answer

Grenville was Prime Minister of Great Britain between 1763-1765.

As Prime Minister, he was responsible for the Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Quartering Act. Grenville believed that the colonists in the 13 colonies had an obligation to pay more in taxes because the government protected them during the French and Indian War.

Question 20

What were the Writs of Assistance?

Accepted Answer

Writs of Assistance were general search warrants designed to stop smuggling.

They allowed British customs agents to search wherever they pleased and without having to pay for any damages. So if you were walking down the street, one of these British customs agents could go to you and search your belongings without your consent, damaging some of them, and it was 100% legal, so long as they showed that they have a Writ of Assistance. So it’s basically a vague warrant.

James Otis argued that the writs violated natural law, and many Americans felt that Writs of Assistance infringed upon their rights as British subjects.

Question 21

What were the terms of the Sugar Act?

Accepted Answer

The Sugar Act increased taxes on luxuries such as sugar.

It also provided for stronger enforcement of the Navigation Acts; any smugglers caught would be tried by an admiralty court, without a jury.

Question 22

Complete the sentence:

The _______ _____ required that Americans house and feed British troops.

Accepted Answer

Quartering Act

Question 23

Between 1764-1765, the British government passed the Sugar Act, the Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act, which met with hostility in the American colonies.

Q: Why did the British government pass these acts?

Accepted Answer

The three acts were passed to increase revenue from and decrease costs of the North American colonies to the British government after the British amassed a large debt from the French and Indian War.

The Sugar Act and the Stamp Act increased colonial taxes (revenues). The Quartering Act, which required colonists to house and feed British soldiers, decreased costs.

Question 24

What were the Virginia Resolves?

Accepted Answer

Passed by Virginia’s House of Burgesses (Virginia’s Colonial Government), the British government had no right to tax the people without their consent.

Question 25

What was the Stamp Act Congress?

Accepted Answer

Called in 1765 by James Otis of Massachusetts, representatives of nine colonial governments attended the Stamp Act Congress to protest the British government’s taxes on the American colonies.

The Stamp Act Congress resolved that only elected representatives had the power to tax citizens.

Question 26

Who were the Sons and Daughters of Liberty?

Accepted Answer

The Sons and Daughters of Liberty were a secret society opposed to the Stamp Act.

The Sons of Liberty regularly intimidated and tarred and feathered British tax agents, as well as destroying private property and property that belonged to the British government. As the Revolutionary War approached, it served as a shadow government dedicated to independence

Unit 3 – Conflict & American Independence, 1754-1800, AP United States History Flashcards